Land Surveying and Mapping comprises the science, technology, and art involved in the measurement, representation, analysis, management, retrieval and display of spatial data concerning both the Earth’s physical features and the built environment. It includes cadastral surveying, mapping sciences, land management, geographic information systems, geodesy, photogrammetry, remote sensing, hydrographic surveying and surveying ocean mapping. It has applications in all disciplines which depend on spatial data, including environmental studies, planning, engineering, navigation, geology and geophysics, oceanography, land development, land ownership, land administration and land use management. It is thus fundamental to all the geosciences disciplines which use spatially related data